สัณฐานวิทยาและการประเมินพันธุกรรมหอมแดง เพื่อการปรับปรุงพันธุ์

Abstract

This study collected shallot varieties from various provinces in Thailand: Chiang Mai (CMI), Chaiyaphum (CPM), Chiang Rai (CRI), Khon Kaen (KKN), Lamphun (LPN), Mae Hong Son (MSN), Nakhon Ratchasima (NMA), Phetchabun (PNB), Phayao (PYO), Si Sa Ket (SSK), and Uttaradit (UTT); as well as those from Indonesia (IDO) and Indian onions from India (IND). The aim was to evaluate the morphological diversity of the plants by cultivating and assessing 27 shallot accessions during the winter seasons from 2021 to 2024. The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Based on the results, the shallots could be classified into four categories according to their bulb colors: purple-red, pink-red, yellow-orange, and white. In addition, the characteristics of the shallot leaves could be divided into two types: upright and curvy. The results of the first planting trial indicated that the yielded weight of the NMA07, NMA08, and NMA09 after undergoing the air-drying process was not significantly different, ranging from 3,030.90 to 3,137.00 kilograms per rai. It was also found that the NMA07 had a bulb circumference of 13.83 centimeters, which was significantly larger than and different from that of the NMA08 and NMA09, which ranged from 9.60 to 10.04 centimeters. The correlation coefficient (R) between the yielded weight after drying and the number of bulbs and bulb circumference was 0.22 and 0.53, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R) between the bulb circumference and the number of bulbs was -0.37. According to the results of the second planting trial, it was found that the yielded weights of the air-dried NMA08 and NMA09 were not significantly different, as the former and latter weighed 3,225.49 and 3,356.23 kilograms per rai, respectively. The results also showed that the NMA07 had a bulb circumference of 12.14 centimeters, which was statistically larger than and different from that of the NMA08 and NMA09, which ranged from 9.67 to 9.88 centimeters. The correlation coefficient (R) between the yielded weight of the air-dried shallots and the number of leaves, leaf length, and number of bulbs was 0.30, 0.22, and 0.49, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R) between the bulb circumference and the number of leaves and leaf width was -0.36 and 0.56, respectively. The results of the third planting trial, focusing on the development of hybrid shallots between shallots and Indian onions, revealed that the yielded weights of the CMI02 × IND01, NMA05 × IND01, NMA09 × IND01, IND01 × PYO04, and IND01 × UTT05 hybrids, ranging from 3,020.02 to 3,474.27 kilograms per rai, were not significantly different from those available in the market. It was found that the CMI02 × IND01 cross had a bulb circumference of 16.54 centimeters, which was larger than other crosses in the present study and those in the market, which ranged from 12.40 to 14.93 centimeters. The correlation coefficient (R) between the yielded weight of the air-dried shallots and the leaf length, leaf width, number of bulbs, and bulb circumference was 0.42, 0.78, -0.43, and 0.80, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R) between the bulb circumference and the leaf length, leaf width, and number of bulbs was 0.42, 0.60, 0.81, and -0.50, respectively. Furthermore, all hybrid shallot varieties produced larger bulbs and were statistically different from shallots grown from self-pollinated seeds. The genetic relationship between shallots and Indian onions was studied using DNA fingerprinting with five SSR molecular markers. The results suggested that ACM091, AFS015, AFS104, and AFS149 were able to show genetic differences, while ACM071 could not distinguish genetic variations among shallots and Indian red onions. By analyzing DNA fingerprints along with morphological assessments, the shallots and Indian onions in the present study could be clearly classified into six groups: four groups of Thai shallots, one group of Indonesian shallots, and one group of Indian onions.