Imaging of Extraspinal Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis can lead to serious destruction of musculoskeletal structures such as the bones, joints, and soft tissues. Early diagnosis of musculoskeletal tuberculosis is important in order to minimize structural damage and prevent permanent complications. The diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness as the clinical presentation may be indolent, non-specific, and may mimic other disease processes. Tissue destruction from tuberculous granulomas produces some characteristic patterns which can be demonstrated by imaging studies. Radiography, ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging help in detection of the disease, guide appropriate laboratory investigation and surgical management, as well as in the evaluation of treatment outcome. Whole-body [Fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography has a gradually increasing role in the detection of multifocal lesions and disease monitoring. Knowing the characteristic imaging features and potential mimics aids in timely diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal tuberculosis.