Development and psychometric evaluation of a Thai Diagnostic Autism Scale for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

The Thai Diagnostic Autism Scale (TDAS) was developed for use as a diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Thai children aged 12–48 months old. TDAS consists of 23 items (13 and 17 items in the observational and interview sections, respectively) classified into seven domains (A1–A3 and B1–B4) according to the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, fifth edition (DSM-5). Children with a single score in the A1–A3 domains and at least two of the B1–B4 domains were classified with ASD. The item-objective congruence (IOC) index, confirmatory factor analysis, and Kappa coefficient were used to evaluate the content, constructs, and inter-rater validity levels between the evaluators and concurrent validity between TDAS and physicians' diagnoses, respectively. TDAS showed good overall content validity (IOC range 0.71–1.00), suitable construct validity (root-mean-squared errors of approximation of 0.076 and 0.067, comparative fit indexes of 0.902 and 0.858, and Tucker-Lewis indexes of 0.882 and 0.837 for the observation and interview sections, respectively), and excellent diagnostic agreement between TDAS and the evaluators (Kappa = 1.000) as well as between TDAS and the physicians' diagnoses (Kappa = 0.871). The sensitivity and specificity of TDAS were 100% and 82.4%, respectively. In conclusion, TDAS yielded a high level of content validity, concurrent validity, and inter-rater reliability for the early diagnosis of ASD in Thai children. A large-scale study using TDAS is needed to determine an appropriate cut-off point as well as its efficacy. Lay Summary: The Thai Diagnostic Autism Scale was developed for use as a diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among Thai children. It contains 23 items in seven domains for the screening via observations and interviews. The psychometric properties of this diagnostic tool provide its reliability and suitability for the early diagnosis of ASD. A large-scale study using it is needed to determine an appropriate cut-off point as well as its efficacy.