ผลกระทบของมลพิษทางอากาศต่อจานวนนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติ ในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ และกรุงเทพมหานคร

Abstract

The crisis of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) pollution has reflected an on-going increase in environmental concerns. It does not only affect human health, but also cause financial damage that leads to economy issue. This study presents the impact of PM 2.5 on the number of tourists in different periods. Using an analysis of tourists of top 20 different nationalities who visited among Chiang Mai and Bangkok, as the representative of tourist destinations with an air pollution. In this study, we used data during 2014 to 2018 and analyzed by using the Multivariate GARCH model in Diagonal BEKK terms. The study found that the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) issue has caused the number of tourists decreased. Moreover, the finding suggested that the impacts have different consequences in different periods, especially in April and May. These results indicate that increasing of PM 2.5 index by 5% from the monthly average, the number of tourists in Chiang Mai and Bangkok will reduce by 106,060 and 659,368 people respectively. The reduction in tourists in April and May also caused economic opportunity losses accounted for 476.27 and 4,105.13 million baht respectively. Furthermore, When the air quality index increased, it led to a decrease in the number of tourists over the next 2 periods. Due to concerns in air pollution problems, the tourists slow down or avoid traveling in areas that have air pollution problems. Besides, the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) issue has affected tourists of different nationalities variously.