Impacts on energy, environment and economy of organic rice production in Lamphun Province

Abstract

Organic rice farming area and market have been increasing continuously, due to the enhancing consumer demand resulting in a better quality of life of producer and consumer. There are many types of research on organic farming involved in both production and marketing. However, there is rare comprehensive research on organic rice production that meets internationally accepted standards, especially in the field of energy consumption, environmental impact, and economy. The results showed that the energy input of organic rice production in Lamphun. Thailand were 1,824.64 - 2.397.68 MJ Rai-1 The energy output of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 12.696.48 - 20,304.95 MJ Rai-l. The energy use efficiency of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 5.75 - 10.08. Specific energy of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 2.76 - 5.22 MJ kg-1. TS3 treatment (using Sesbania rostrata as green manure management, transplanting by manual labor, alternative wetting and drying water management, and organic fertilizer applied) was suitable in energy analysis for organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand with energy input, energy output, energy use efficiency and specific energy were 2,015.11 MJ Rai-1 20.304.95 MJ Rai-1 10.08 and 2.76 kg-l, respectively. The impact on environment found that GHG emission of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand were 383.49 - 698.18 kg CO2 eq Rai-1. GHG intensity of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 0.60 - 1.48 kg CO2 eg kg-1. TS4 treatment (using Sesbania rostrata as green manure management, transplanting by manual labor, alternative wetting and drying water management, and no organic fertilizer applied) was suitable in environmental impact analysis for organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand with GHG and GHGI were 393.74 kg CO2 eq Rai-1 and 0.60 kg CO2 eg kg-, respectively. The impact on economy showed that the input Cost of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand were 4,530.71 - 6,966.74 Baht Rai-1. Output Cost of organic rice production in Lamphun. Thailand was 6.016.19 - 10.250.96 Baht Rai-1. The Benefic-cost (B/C) ratio of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 1.08 - 1.70. TS4 treatment was suitable in economic analysis for organic rice production in Lamphun. Thailand with input cost output cost and B/C ratio was 5.435.81 Baht Rai-1 9,227.89 Baht Rai-1 and 1.70, respectively. The impact on energy environment and economy found that total energy environmental economy (3E) Cost of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand were 4,758.51 - 7,250.70 Baht Rai-1. Specific energy environmental economy (S3E) Cost of organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand was 8.68 - 13.67 Baht kg-1. TS4 treatment was suitable in energy, environmental impact, and economic analysis for organic rice production in Lamphun, Thailand with 3E cost and S3E cost were 5,671.91 Baht Rai-1 and 8.68 Baht kg-1, respectively.