การปกครองแบบชีวญาณผ่านบัตรประจำตัวประชาชนในสังคมไทย (พ.ศ. 2554-2563)

Abstract

This study of “Governmentality through identification card in Thailand (2011-2020)”, would like to answer the following questions: 1) What is the Thai government's control method? and how to governmentality through the identification card. 2) What phenomena affects the methods of governmentality style? and 3) What tools that the Thai government used to control and governmentality through identification card? This independent study is qualitative research used the documentary research in Thai political phenomena related to identification card from the reign of King Rama V until 2022 initially. Then using the research methodology based on in-depth interviews with key informant. There are 3 target population groups: 1) ordinary people 2) academics and 3) government officials. For the people, they are divided into 3 groups: 1) The 9 people living in the area Mueang Chiang Mai District Chiang Mai Province. 2) The 9 people living in the area Chiang Dao District Chiang Mai Province. 3) The 15 general public. The first 2 groups were subdivided into 3 groups according to their income levels: low, middle and high respectively. In addition, Conducted interviews with 5 academics, who are interested and have expertise in Thai political phenomena and there is knowledge related to governmentality. The last part is a group of government officials. Conduct interviews with 3 government officials, namely the official, the district secretary and the district chief who are directly involved in the preparation and practice of national identification card. The results of the research found that: 1) The form that the Thai state used to control and governmentality through identification card is the development of a data-collection system that is embedded in the lives of the people and enact laws to compel citizens to have identification card. It started with the census in 1890-1904 to collect information of people in various localities. Later, the Local Administration act in 1914 was issued, requiring the Amphoe Department to issue passports for citizens. Until the identification card act in 1943 was issued, which required Thai nationals aged 16 years and over in the Phra Nakhon and Thonburi areas to have identification card and the issuance of the identification card act in 1962, which requires all Thai nationals aged 17 years and over to have identification card. 2) Changing the style of governance towards governmentality occurred in 3 periods between 2001 and 2020 that are clearly evident. The first period was during the government of Mr. Thaksin Shinawatra (2001-2006) that brings the concept of identification card into connection with government services, such as the case of the medical welfare policy of 30 baht to treat all diseases and registering the poor. The second period was during the government of Ms. Yingluck Shinawatra (2011-2014) where the policy of 30 baht for all diseases was brought back into use and develop tax collection by changing the tax identification number to the same number as the identification card. The third period was during the government of General Prayut Chan-ocha (2014-2020) where people were allowed to bring their identification card to register at the district office to obtain a state welfare card and open for citizens to use their identification card to register the rights through the application (wallet/money bag). 3) At present, the state uses tools to create governmentality with identification card as a medium in two ways: providing services and controlling. As for the provision of services, it is development of data linkage with the identification card. Citizens can use just one card to access efficient government services, such as verifying their identity to receive government subsidies through the Paotang application and displaying vaccination history through the Doctor Prompt application, etc. In the controlling, section is hidden in the interaction between the government and the people. For example, the government can recognize income and using information through the application (wallet/money bag) to calculate tax collection, the state can control the spread of epidemics through checking people's vaccination history and recording of personal characteristics for use in investigating cases and security work. Keywords: Consensus; Products of Power; Governmentality; Political Fluctuations; Census