The Role of armed conflicts and climate change on charcoal trade in Somalia: A case of Jubbaland State of Somalia

Abstract

Independent Study Title The Role of Armed Conflicts and Climate Change on Charcoal Trade in Somalia: A case of Jubbaland State Author Irshad Mohamud Sheik Dahir Degree Master of Arts (Public Policy) Advisor Dr. Warathida Chaiyapa

ABSTRACT

The charcoal trade in Somalia's Jubbaland State has been a significant economic activity, providing income to many regional families. However, this trade faces challenges due to armed conflicts and climate change, which exacerbated resource depletion and environmental degradation. This policy paper discusses the factors fueling the illicit charcoal trade, the key actors involved, the nexus between armed conflicts and the trade, and the interconnectedness of climate extremes, conflicts, and the charcoal trade. The study reveals that armed groups, particularly Al-Shabaab, exert control over the trade through bribery and violence. At the same time, the absence of effective governance and environmental regulations enabled overexploitation. Socio-economic factors and poor governance contribute to the trade's persistence. The study also highlighted the illegal export of charcoal to Gulf states, the environmental consequences, and the link to armed conflicts in Jubbaland, presumably by the Al-Shabaab terrorist group. The paper also discussed the existing policies and the viability of the National Charcoal Policy in mitigating conflicts and environmental challenges. The study emphasized the need for comprehensive approaches to address these challenges, including strengthening governance, enforcing regulations, enhancing economic opportunities, and tackling the influence of armed groups. The complex dynamics among armed conflicts, climate change, and the charcoal trade underscores the importance of understanding and addressing the root causes to promote sustainable development. Ultimately, the study calls for regulations, renewable energy use, community-based initiatives, and international support to achieve socio-economic objectives and environmental sustainability in the country, specifically in Jubbaland State, Somalia.