Field aging of insecticides after repeated application to a northern Thailand ultisol

Abstract

Field aging immobilizes pollutants and reduces their toxicity, but it also boosts their accumulation and holds the risk of future release. We investigated the aging of six insecticides (water solubilities: 0.33 mg L-1- completely miscible) applied five times (10-day intervals) to a tropical fruit orchard under natural weather conditions. After sequential extractions of soil samples with 0.01 M CaCl2, methanol (MeOH), and acetone/ethylacetate/ water (AEW), a conventional (Kbc(app) = [c(MeOH) + c(AEW)]/c(CaCl2), normalized to soil organic carbon) and a newly introduced distribution ratio (MAR = MeOH/ AEW ratio; c(MeOH)/c(AEW)) were calculated. Field half-lives of the insecticides correlated with KOC(app) but not with MAR, which might reflect that dissipation was significantly affected by abiotic processes. The extent of aging was related to hydrophobicity of the compounds and most pronounced for endosulfan (3-fold increase in KOC(app) within 84 days). For dimethoate, this increase was even steeper (5- to 10-fold within 10 days), which was, however, mostly caused by dissipation from labile pools rather than by aging. The KOC(app) of chlorpyrifos remained constant, but a significant decrease in MAR (r = -0.78) revealed that sorption strength increased nevertheless. Results for malathion were ambiguous. Within the time frame of our study, neither KOC(app) nor MAR gave evidence for the aging of mevinphos. The different dynamics of KOC(app) and MAR for the six insecticides studied indicate that different aging mechanisms or rates, or both control the fate of the individual insecticides, which can potentially be revealed by sequential exctraction procedures. © 2008 American Chemical Society.