Factors affecting economic output in developed countries: A copula approach to sample selection with panel data

Abstract

This work aims at determining the factors affecting economic output in developed countries. However, the definition of development depends on the criteria by which different principles provide different criteria of level of development. Therefore, there exists uncertainty about choice of sample or real development country and if the selected samples are not representative of the underlying population of real developed countries then the ordinary least squares coefficients may be biased. This paper examines the determinants of economic output in the panel data of 22 developed countries from 1996 to 2008 utilizing econometric techniques that take into account the selective nature of the samples. In general, there are two approaches to estimate the sample selection model, namely the maximum likelihood method and the method proposed by Heckman (1979) [21]. Moreover, these two approaches require that the joint distribution to be known. In general the multivariate normal distribution is assumed. However, this assumption can often be seen as excessively restrictive and this lead to uncertainty about the structure or assumption of joint distribution. Smith (2003) [37] suggests applying the copula approach, especially the Archimedean copula to the sample selection model and the result also shows that the copula approach is well suited to apply to a model where the sample selection is biased, using cross-section data. In our work, we employ the copula approach to construct the sample selection model in the case of panel data, resulting in the identification of significant factors affecting economic output. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.